Introduction to Stress and Strain

 

You may have noticed that certain objects can stretch easily, but stretching objects like an iron rod sounds impossible, right? In this article, we will help you understand why a few objects are more malleable than others. Mainly, we will be discussing Stress-strain curves because they are useful in understanding the tensile strength of a given material.

What is Stress?

Stress =>Stress is defined as a force applied per unit area. 

It is given by the formula

σ=P / A

where,

σ is the stress applied
P is the force applied
A is the area of force application

The unit of stress is N/m2


Stress applied to a material can be of two types. They are:

● Tensile Stress: It is the force applied per unit area which results in the increase in length (or area) of a body. Objects under tensile stress become thinner and longer.


● Compressive Stress: It is the force applied per unit area which results in the decrease in length (or area) of a body. The object under compressive stress becomes thicker and shorter.

 Strain => Strain is defined as the amount of deformation experienced by the body in the direction of force applied, divided by initial dimensions of the body. 

The relation for deformation in terms of the length of a solid is given below.

e=δl / L

where

e is the strain due to stress applied
δl is the change in length
L is the original length of the material.

The strain is a dimensionless quantity as it just defines the relative change in shape.

Depending on stress application, strain experienced in a body can be of two types. They are:

● Tensile Strain: It is the change in length (or area) of a body due to the application of tensile stress.
● Compressive Strain: It is the change in length (or area) of a body due to the application of compressive strain

When we study solids and their mechanical properties, information regarding their elastic properties are most important. These can be obtained by studying the stress-strain relationships, under different loads, in these materials.

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