Sub structure of building

Building sub structure

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DETERMINATION OF THE MULTIPLYING CONSTANTS BY STADIA METHOD

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  APPARATUS :- Tachometer withstand, Ranging rods, Peg, Arrows, Tape, etc. THEORY :- Tachometer is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances of points are obtained. The method is very rapid and convenient.   The tachometer  is the combination of transit theodolite and stadia diaphragm.    The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above the other at an equal distance below the horizontal crosshair. PRINCIPLE OF TACHOMETER:- The Principle underlying tachometer is as follows. If    ‘C’ and ‘D’    be two points and if a Tachometer is a set up at ‘C’, the       horizontal distance of ‘D’ from ‘C’ and elevation of ‘D’ with respect to the instrument axis at ‘C’ can be obtained from, 1) The vertical angle from ‘D’ to ‘C’. 2)        The angle subtended at ‘C’ by a known distance on the staff held at ‘D’. this principle is utilized in different ...
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Relation between Modulus of elasticity (E), Modulus of Rigidity (G) ,Bulk modulus (K) and Poisson’s Ratio (1/m or µ):

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  Relation   between   E,   G   and   Poisson’s   Ratio   (1/m   or   µ): Consider  a  cubic element  ABCD  fixed at the bottom face and subjected to a shearing force at the top face. The block experiences the following effects due to this shearing   load: 1.    1.         Shearing stress τ is induced at the faces DC and   AB 2.        Complimentary   shearing   stress   of   the   same   magnitude   is   set   up   on   the   faces   AD   and   BC. 3.        The block distorts to a new configuration   ABC'D'. 4.        The   diagonal   AC   elongates   (tension)   and   diagonal   BD   shortens   (compression). Longitudinal strain ‘e’ in diagonal AC = (AC’ ...
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